Some similar research tactics were reported earlier this year by Mickey Pardo, a postdoctoral researcher, now at Cornell University, who spent 14 months in Kenya recording elephant calls. Elephants sound alarms by trumpeting, but in reality most of their vocalizations are deep rumbles that are only partly audible to humans. Pardo also found evidence that elephants use vocal labels, and he says he can definitely get an elephant's attention by playing the sound of another elephant addressing it. But does this mean researchers are now "speaking animal"? Real language, he thinks, would mean the ability to discuss things that happened in the past or string together more complex ideas.